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His emphasis on the a-historical was a humanitarian as much as an intellectual need.ДЄlthough he did not talk much about it, save to his intimates, all of us sensed his never-tiring efforts and his tremendous giving of himself and of his energies to relatives, friends and other subjects of Nazi persecution. In short, it was his humanity, I believe, which would not allow him to dwell for long on any considerations other than those of the manipulable present.

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If we can but discover the 'systematic laws,' the laws of the 'pure case,' i.e., those laws whereby a given 'life-space' inevitably produces a given behavior, then we can know how to change persons and groups to remake their behavior according to our heart's desires. He felt that, if we could but correctly conceptualize the a-historical, situational factors determinative of behavior, then we could manipulate these contemporaneous situational factors and produce the sort of behavior which all persons of good will would desire. He had, I suspect, a tremendous faith in the potentialities of every human being. And it was this humanity which led him to stress throughout the 'situational,' as contrasted with the 'historical' determiners of motivation. It was this humanity (itself an outgrowth perhaps of his basic identification with the Jews and their age-long problems) which caused almost all of his scientific career to be concerned primarily with the problems of motivation-the motivation of individuals and the motivation of groups.

More important still perhaps was his essential humanity. These traits could be exhausting and overwhelming to those of us of more pedestrian temper. They were apparent in his daily contacts as well as in the unfailing enthusiasm and energy with which he met every challenge to new scientific activity. Perhaps the traits most obviously characteristic of Lewin were intellectual keenness and originality, courage and zest. And here also the distinction between 'systematic' (i.e., dynamic or field) laws and 'historical' laws was first presented.

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rigid boundaries, of valences and forcefields, of barriers, of space of free movement, of power fields, of cognitive structure, of reality and irreality levels, of psychical satiation and of the level of aspiration.

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In 1926 he became professor of philosophy and psychology.ДЄfter several years of working on the more conventional problems of perception and learning within a fairly classical associationistic framework he turned, more or less under the impetus of Gestalt principles, to problems of motivation, and in 1926 he published the first of that series of some 20 brilliant articles by himself and his students which appeared in Psychologische Forschung under the superordinate title - ' Untersuckungen zur Handlungs-und Ajjekt Psychologie, Investigations into the Psychology of Behavior and Emotion.' Here most of the basic concepts later so famous first appeared: those of the life space, of tension systems, of fluid vs.

He returned to the University after the war as instructor in philosophy. at the University of Berlin in 1914 and served for four years in the first World War rising from private to officer. Lewin's contributions to the problems of individual and group psychology were so great and his personality so vivid that any attempt such as this to do justice to him and his work within brief compass can provide but the merest suggestions as to where his true greatness lay.

Psychology has suffered a tragic loss in the death of Kurt Lewin and for those of us who counted him as friend the sense of bereavement does not lessen.

The following tribute was written by Edward C. ( Kurt Lewin died on the 12th February 1947.